ChiefHorse

Eisenhüttenstadt

2005-04-05T16:01:00.000-07:00

City, Brandenburg Land (state), eastern Germany. The city lies along the Oder River at the Polish border, southeast of Frankfurt an der Oder. It was formed in 1961 by the union of Fürstenberg, Stalinstadt, and Schönfliess. Stalinstadt was a planned-residence town for workers employed in a metallurgical complex established in 1951 just west of the old town of Fürstenberg. Now one

Rouget De Lisle, Claude-joseph

2005-04-04T20:26:00.000-07:00

Author of “La Marseillaise,” the French national anthem. A lowly army officer and only a moderate republican, Rouget de Lisle never wrote anything else of significance. He composed both the words and music of “La Marseillaise” for his comrades in 1792 while stationed at Strasbourg; it was originally called “Chant de guerre de l'armée

Kamehameha Ii

2005-04-04T16:01:00.000-07:00

In 1820 he admitted the first company of missionaries (from New England), who, within two years, had learned the language, reduced it to writing, and printed the first textbook. Kamehameha resisted conversion to Christianity, allegedly because he refused to give up four of his five wives as well as rum

Cermak, Anton J.

2005-04-03T04:40:00.000-07:00

Cermak was born about 50 miles (80 km) from Prague but celebrated his first birthday on Ellis Island in New York harbour. His parents settled in Braidwood, Ill., where,

Kamanja

2005-04-02T15:04:00.000-08:00

Also called kemanche , or kamanche stringed instrument of the fiddle family prominent in Arab and Persian art music. It is a spike fiddle; i.e., its small, round or cylindrical body appears skewered by the neck, which forms a “foot” that the instrument rests on when played. Measuring about 30 inches (76 cm) from neck to foot, it has a membrane belly and, commonly, two to four strings tuned in fourths or fifths. The musician,

Mar-pa

2005-04-01T17:12:00.000-08:00

The chief source of information on the life of Mar-pa is a 14th-century biography written by the “Mad Yogin of Tsang.” According to it, Mar-pa was born of wealthy parents. He had a violent nature and was

Tibaldi, Pellegrino

2005-03-31T17:27:00.000-08:00

Tibaldi grew up in Bologna in a family of Lombard stonemasons. He was trained as a painter under minor Emilian artists who imitated the style of Raphael; in 1547, however, he went to Rome and worked with Perino del Vaga.

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368

2005-03-31T01:49:00.000-08:00

The military faction that brought about the collapse of the Qasim regime preferred to remain behind the scenes rather than assume direct responsibility. The Ba'th Party, a group of young activists who advocated Arab nationalism and socialism, was entrusted with power. Ba'th leaders invited 'Abd al-Salam 'Arif to assume the presidency. A National Council for Revolutionary

Adab

2005-03-30T01:00:00.000-08:00

Modern Bismayah ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur (modern Niffer or Nuffar), Iraq. Excavations (1903–04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as the prehistoric period and as late as the reign of Ur-Nammu (reigned 2112–2095 BC). Adab was an important Sumerian centre only up to about 2000. The Sumerian king list ascribed to the city one

Itagaki Taisuke, Count

2005-03-29T15:07:00.000-08:00

Born into a middle-ranking samurai family, Itagaki entered the service of his feudal lord in 1860 and emerged from subsequent factional struggles to become the military commander in Tosa, the large feudal domain controlled by his clansmen. Under Itagaki's command

Wichita Orogeny

2005-03-27T20:02:00.000-08:00

A period of block faulting in the southern part of the Wichita–Arbuckle System in western Oklahoma and northern Texas. The uplift is dated from the Late Carboniferous epoch (formerly the Pennsylvanian period; the Late Carboniferous epoch occurred from 320 to 286 million years ago). The Apishipa–Sierra Grande uplift in eastern Colorado and northern New Mexico is of similar

Adab

2005-03-27T14:01:00.000-08:00

In aerial navigation, equipment for measuring distance by converting the time a special electronic pulse takes to travel from an aircraft to a ground station and for an answering pulse to return. The airborne equipment displays the information to the pilot. When used in connection with a radio-range bearing, which indicates direction, a DME reading shows the pilot

Sanibel Island

2005-03-27T10:03:00.000-08:00

Sanibel Island

General Will

2005-03-26T16:43:00.000-08:00

Theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th-century French political philosopher, that in a democratic society the state represents the general will of the citizens, and that in obeying its laws each citizen is pursuing his own real interest. Rousseau distinguished the “general will” from particular wills. The general will is a moral will, a will that aims at the common

Lima, Pre-Columbian and colonial periods

2005-03-25T11:45:00.000-08:00

The area around Lima has been inhabited for thousands of years. Urban communities of significant size date from the pre-Inca Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 BC–AD 600), the most important being Pachacamac, which was an important religious site in both pre-Inca and Inca times. Much of the ransom demanded by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro for the Inca chief Atahuallpa (Atahualpa)

Wichita Orogeny

2005-03-25T10:03:00.000-08:00

In the United Kingdom, television network consisting of a consortium of private companies in competition with the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority, which was originally the Independent Television Authority. The ITV network was authorized by act of Parliament in 1954, when the BBC's monopoly over radio

Activation Energy

2005-03-24T18:26:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport. In terms of the transition-state theory (q.v.), the activation energy is the difference in energy content between atoms or molecules in an activated or transition-state configuration and

Widener, Peter A.b.

2005-03-24T09:36:00.000-08:00

British national governing organization for the sport of track and field (athletics). Founded in 1880, it took over as the governing power from the Amateur Athletic Club, founded in 1866. The association was the first such organization in the world. The AAA was one of the first groups to reject the requirement of upper-class background that had previously been necessary to achieve

Prodromus, Theodore

2005-03-23T06:54:00.000-08:00

He wrote many occasional pieces for a widespread circle of patrons at the imperial court. Some of the work attributed to him is unpublished and some of it may be wrongly attributed to him. Even so, there does emerge from these writings the figure of an author in reduced circumstances,

Alushta

2005-03-23T00:20:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Alušta, tourist resort, Crimea, Ukraine, on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula. It is the site of a settlement dating from the 6th century AD; in the 14th century it was a Genoan stronghold. Tourism, based on the fine beach and relatively cool summers, developed in the late 19th century. Pop. (1991 est.) 37,600.

Nicetas Stethatos

2005-03-22T09:14:00.000-08:00

A monk of the Stoudion monastery in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Nicetas allied himself c. 1020 with his spiritual tutor, Symeon the New Theologian, whose biographer and

Switzerland

2005-03-22T01:41:00.000-08:00

The history of Switzerland, a complex series of events, provides the background for an understanding of the country's present-day cultural differences. Because of its central location in western Europe and pass routes through the Alps, which linked French and German lands with the Italian peninsula, Switzerland was coveted by surrounding powers. Swiss history,

Guadalquivir River

2005-03-21T10:57:00.000-08:00

The Guadalquivir is the second longest river of Spain (after the Ebro), and it has several distinctive characteristics.

Bukhara

2005-03-21T00:38:00.000-08:00

Uzbek Bukhoro, also spelled Buchara or Bokhara city and administrative centre, Bukhoro oblast (province), Uzbekistan, on the Shakhrud Canal in the delta of the Zeravshan River, at the centre of Bukhara oasis. Founded not later than the 1st century AD, it was already a major trade and crafts centre when the Arabs captured it in 709. The capital of the Samanid dynasty in the 9th–10th centuries, it later was seized by the Qarakhanids

God And Saints Of Christ, Church Of

2005-03-20T18:48:00.000-08:00

Religious sect founded in 1896 by Prophet William S. Crowdy. He passed his mantle of leadership to Bishop William Plummer, who announced himself as “Grand Father Abraham.” This group believes that all Jews were originally black and that modern-day blacks are descendants of the “lost tribes of Israel.” Their beliefs centre on the “Seven Keys,” the “Stone of Truth,” and the Ten Commandments.

Xenophanes

2005-03-20T14:46:00.000-08:00

Xenophanes was probably exiled from Greece by the Persians who conquered Colophon about 546. After living in Sicily

Kadiri

2005-03-20T00:43:00.000-08:00

Hinduized kingdom in eastern Java, established about the 11th century. Little is known of the kingdom. According to the Pararaton (“Book of Kings”), a mighty king of eastern Java, Airlangga, divided his kingdom between his two sons before he died in 1049: the western part was called Kadiri, or Panjalu, with Daha as its capital, while the eastern part was called Janggala. Jayabhaya of

Ectopic Pregnancy

2005-03-19T11:50:00.000-08:00

In tubal ectopic pregnancy the ovum becomes implanted in one of the fallopian tubes. This condition is not uncommon, occurring about once in 250 to 300 pregnancies and more frequently

'abd Al-malik

2005-03-18T20:35:00.000-08:00

The best account of 'Abd al-Malik's reign is in J. Wellhausen, Das arabische Reich und sein Sturz (1902; The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, 1927). Also useful are Sir William Muir, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall, new ed. (1924); and P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th ed. (1970).

Eiselsberg, Anton, Freiherr Von

2005-03-18T13:33:00.000-08:00

Eiselsberg studied medicine at Vienna, Würzburg, Zürich, and Paris. In 1884 he received his M.D. from Vienna, where he was a pupil of and assistant

K.c.b.

2005-03-17T19:17:00.000-08:00

Knight commander of the Bath, member of the second highest rank of knightly class in a British order of knighthood. See Bath, The Most Honourable Order of the.

Scandinavian Literature

2005-03-17T18:39:00.000-08:00

The literature of Scandinavia and, in particular, of Iceland has reflected two extraordinary features of the social and cultural history of pagan Europe and of Iceland. The way in which names such as Siegfried, Brunhild, and Attila cropped up again and again in different European literatures has borne witness to the dissemination of legends and traditions common

France, History Of, The Paris Commune

2005-03-16T22:34:00.000-08:00

A few days later, the assembly transferred the seat of government from Bordeaux to Versailles. It had scarcely arrived when it was confronted by a major civil war—the rebellion of the Paris Commune. This event, complex in itself, has been made even more difficult to understand by the mythology that later grew up around it. Karl Marx, who promptly hailed the Commune as

Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico

2005-03-16T21:39:00.000-08:00

Also called Giandomenico Tiepolo son of the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo; he was a talented genre painter, especially of scenes from contemporary life and the popular theatre (as in the decorations of his villa at Zianigo, Italy, now in the Civico Museo Correr, Venice). Notable among his early works are the paintings of the Stations of the Cross for S. Polo, Venice (1747–49), and

Xenakis, Iannis

2005-03-15T21:12:00.000-08:00

Romanian-born Greek-French composer and architect (b. May 29, 1922, Braila, Rom.—d. Feb. 4, 2001, Paris, France), based his music on mathematical principles, particularly theories of probability. Although his music was generated by the rigorous application of nonmusical ideas, the results were often powerful and moving. He created orchestral, ensemble, and solo works for traditional instruments

Alaska, The economy

2005-03-15T01:47:00.000-08:00

The Alaskan economy is conditioned strongly by the state's frontier stage of development, but its formerly inadequate tax base for state and municipal growth ended with the development of the North Slope oil fields. High costs of labour and transportation and complicated environmental and land-use constraints still tend to discourage outside investment. Nonetheless,

Fajardo

2005-03-14T02:54:00.000-08:00

Town, eastern Puerto Rico, on the Fajardo River lowlands. Founded in 1772, it was the scene of fighting during the Spanish–American War (1898). Its principal manufactures are cigars, furniture, and metal and electronic components. It is linked by railway to San Juan and lies about 2 miles (3 km) from its port, Playa de Fajardo, which exports sugar. The town is a tourist centre. The University

David, Eduard Heinrich (rudolph)

2005-03-13T21:01:00.000-08:00

As a young grammar school teacher, David founded (1893) the Socialist Mitteldeutsche Sonntagszeitung (“Mid-German Sunday News”); but his affiliation with the Social Democrats soon

Marr, Nikolay Yakovlevich

2005-03-13T16:05:00.000-08:00

A professor at St. Petersburg University from 1900, Marr published numerous collections of old Georgian and Armenian literature and attempted to prove a relationship between

Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich

2005-03-13T11:21:00.000-08:00

Soviet chess grandmaster (b. Aug. 17 [Aug. 4, Old Style], 1911, Kuokkala, near St. Petersburg, Russia--d. May 5, 1995, Moscow, Russia), was the first Soviet world chess champion (1948-57, 1958-60, 1961-63). Botvinnik learned chess at the relatively advanced age of 12, but within two years he had defeated the reigning world champion, José Raúl Capablanca of Cuba, in an exhibition match. In 1931 he won the first of seven national championships.

Fellini, Federico

2005-03-12T16:16:00.000-08:00

Italian film director who was one of the most celebrated and distinctive filmmakers of the period after World War II. Early in his career he helped inaugurate the Neorealist cinema movement, but he soon developed his own distinctive style of typically autobiographical films that imposed dreamlike or hallucinatory

Colette

2005-03-12T09:51:00.000-08:00

Colette

Kidinnu

2005-03-11T22:13:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kidenas, or Cidenas astronomer and mathematician who may have discovered the precession of the equinoxes, the slow rotation of the Earth's axis that results in slight variations in the length of the year. Head of the astronomical school at Sippar, Kidinnu was probably responsible for introducing the 19-year cycle into the Babylonian calendar in 383 BC. In this system each year had

Hancock

2005-03-11T07:07:00.000-08:00

City, Houghton county, northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S., across Portage Lake from Houghton. Laid out in 1859, it was named for John Hancock, the American Revolutionary War leader. With the discovery of nearby copper mines in the mid-19th century, Hancock became a busy shipping point. In addition to mining, local industries include the manufacture of foundry products

Taraki, Nur Mohammad

2005-03-10T08:11:00.000-08:00

Born into a rural Pashtun family, Taraki attended night school while working as a clerk in Bombay, India, where he learned English. In the late 1940s he worked in the press department of the Afghan government and in 1953 was appointed attaché at the

Puerto Ayacucho

2005-03-10T04:04:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Amazonas estado (state), southern Venezuela, situated on the Orinoco River just below the Atures Rapids, which block navigation on the river. Puerto Ayacucho is the trading centre for the large but sparsely populated state, which produces mainly rubber and balata. From the city a road leads 55 miles (90 km) south-southwestward to the river port of Samariapo,

Manchuria

2005-03-09T04:28:00.000-08:00

Prior to the 17th century, the history of Manchuria was shaped by three converging ethnic groups: the Chinese, the people collectively known as the Tungus, and the Mongols and Proto-Mongols. The Tungus (from which several groups emerged) were forest and plain dwellers who had a mixed economy of primitive agriculture, fishing, hunting, and livestock breeding. Those in Manchuria

Sevilla, University Of

2005-03-09T02:40:00.000-08:00

The University of Sevilla

Smith Sound

2005-03-08T22:51:00.000-08:00

The sound was discovered in 1616 by William Baffin and named for Sir Thomas Smythe (Smith), promoter of voyages to find a Northwest Passage. It was not until the mid-19th century that any explorer reached

Wolfe, Charles

2005-03-08T20:46:00.000-08:00

Irish poet and clergyman, whose “Burial of Sir John Moore” (1817), commemorating the commander of the British forces at the Battle of Corunna (La Coruña, Spain) during the Peninsular War, is one of the best-known funeral elegies in English. Wolfe attended Trinity College, Dublin, was ordained in 1817, and held curacies in County Tyrone.

Spitz, Mark

2005-03-07T16:27:00.000-08:00

Like many other outstanding American swimmers, Spitz trained for several years at the Santa Clara (California) Swim Club. He served as captain of the intercollegiate swimming team at Indiana University, Bloomington (graduated 1972). At the 1968 Olympic

Foreclosure

2005-03-07T00:54:00.000-08:00

Legal proceeding by which a mortgagor's rights to a mortgaged property may be extinguished if the mortgagor (borrower) fails to live up to the obligations agreed to in the mortgage. The mortgagee (the lender) may then declare the entire debt due and owing and may seek to satisfy the debt by foreclosing on the property. Most foreclosures are brought in equity proceedings.

Ariosto, Ludovico

2005-03-06T22:31:00.000-08:00

Ariosto's father, Count Niccolò, was commander of the citadel at Reggio Emilia. When Ludovico was 10, the family

Johannes Von Tepl

2005-03-06T21:13:00.000-08:00

After taking a degree at Prague University, he was appointed, probably before 1378, a notary in Saaz (Zatec), and he became headmaster of the grammar school there in 1383. In

Tigray

2005-03-05T19:05:00.000-08:00

The Tigray are descendants of a Semitic people who intermixed with the Cushitic inhabitants of the region and founded the Christian kingdom

Armco Inc.

2005-03-05T00:18:00.000-08:00

Originally a manufacturer of sheet iron and steel, the company diversified, and its activities now

Osaka

2005-03-04T20:24:00.000-08:00

Osaka lies along Osaka Bay at the eastern end of the Inland Sea, on the delta of the Yodo River. Its metropolitan

Maddalena Pass

2005-03-04T10:06:00.000-08:00

Also called Larche Pass , Italian Colle della Maddalena , or dell'Argentera , French Col de Larche , or de l'Argentière gap between the Cottian Alps (north) and the Maritime Alps (south). The pass lies at 6,548 feet (1,996 m) on the French-Italian border, 12 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Barcelonnette, Fr. A road (1870) across the pass connects Cuneo, Italy, with Barcelonnette. Hannibal reputedly led his Carthaginian army over the pass toward Rome in 218 BC, and the army of King Francis I of France used the pass to enter Italy

Calendar Of 2003

2005-03-04T05:44:00.000-08:00

Djibouti's ambassador to Ethiopia announces that Djibouti plans to expel more than 100,000 illegal immigrants, which amounts to about 15% of the

Macdonald, Jacques, Duc De Tarente

2005-03-04T04:27:00.000-08:00

The son of a Scottish adherent of the exiled British Stuart dynasty, who had served in a Scots regiment in France, he joined the French army and was a colonel when the wars of the French Revolution broke out. He was promoted to general in 1793 and to general of division

Scandinavian Literature

2005-03-02T16:30:00.000-08:00

The body of writings in the North Germanic group of languages, the modern forms of which include Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, and Faeroese. The literary works written in these languages, though manifesting certain differences reflective of distinct national institutions, exhibit strong similarities stemming from deep-seated common linguistic and

Ramananda

2005-03-02T10:18:00.000-08:00

Ramananda left home as a youth and became a sannyasin (ascetic) before settling in Varanasi (Benares) to study Vedic texts, Ramanuja's philosophy,

Schaffner, Franklin (james)

2005-03-01T11:59:00.000-08:00

The son of Protestant American missionaries, Schaffner lived in the United States after the age of five and attended Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania (A.B., 1942). During World War II he served as a U.S. Navy lieutenant. In 1948 he became a director for CBS television;

Theligonales

2005-03-01T11:47:00.000-08:00

Problematic order of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing one family (Theligonaceae, sometimes called Cynocrambaceae) and one genus (Theligonum) with three species distributed in the Canary Islands, Mediterranean region, southwestern China, and Japan. The plants are somewhat succulent (fleshy) herbs with separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

Dacko, David

2005-02-28T10:04:00.000-08:00

Central African Republic politician (b. March 24, 1930, Bouchia, Moyen Congo, French Equatorial Africa—d. Nov. 20, 2003, Yaoundé, Cameroon), was twice president (1960–65 and 1979–81) of the Central African Republic and twice was removed from office by a military coup. After then president Barthélemy Boganda died in a plane crash in March 1959, Dacko established himself in the top post, and from 1960 he headed an autocratic

'amir, 'abd Al-hakim

2005-02-28T00:33:00.000-08:00

'Amir attended War College, where he met Gamal Abdel Nasser. The two men served during the first Arab-Israeli

Arinnitti

2005-02-27T10:38:00.000-08:00

Hattian Wurusemu Hittite sun goddess, the principal deity and patron of the Hittite empire and monarchy. Her consort, the weather god Taru, was second to Arinnitti in importance, indicating that she probably originated in matriarchal times. Arinnitti's precursor seems to have been a mother-goddess of Anatolia, symbolic of earth and fertility. Arinnitti's attributes were righteous

Aesthetics

2005-02-27T05:23:00.000-08:00

Thomas Munro, Oriental Aesthetics (1965), includes a comparison of Eastern and Western attitudes and beliefs (with many bibliographic notes). Other informative studies are Indian Aesthetics and Art Activity (1968); Mai-Mai Sze, The Tao of Painting, 2nd ed. with corrections, 2 vol. (1963); and Makoto Ueda, Literary and Art Theories in Japan (1967, reissued 1991).

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

2005-02-26T15:29:00.000-08:00

Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest of Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla Redshirts, contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal House of Savoy.

Switzerland, Leisure

2005-02-25T16:28:00.000-08:00

Living in close proximity to the mountains, which are well linked by road and rail to the urban areas, the Swiss have become extremely sport-conscious and have encouraged the growth of skiing and mountaineering as tourist attractions. Other sports include Swiss-style wrestling, gymnastics, regular Sunday-morning shooting, Hornussen (a kind of Alpine baseball), tennis,

Bull Moose Party

2005-02-25T16:03:00.000-08:00

Formally Progressive Party U.S. dissident political faction that nominated former president Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency in 1912; the formal name and general objectives of the party were revived 12 years later. Opposing the entrenched conservatism of the regular Republican Party, which was controlled by Pres. William Howard Taft, a National Republican Progressive League was organized in 1911 by Sen. Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. The group became the Progressive Party the following year and ran Theodore Roosevelt for president; it called for revision of the political nominating machinery and an aggressive program of social legislation. The party's popular nickname of Bull Moose was derived from the characteristics of strength and vigour often used by Roosevelt to describe himself. The Bull Moose ticket polled some 25 percent of the popular vote. Thus split, the Republicans lost the election to the Democrats under Woodrow Wilson. The Bull Moose Party evaporated and the Republicans were reunited four years later.

Dagobert Iii

2005-02-25T15:44:00.000-08:00

Merovingian Frankish king who succeeded his father, Childebert III, in 711. For most of his reign the boy was dominated by Pippin II of Herstal, the Austrasian mayor of the palace.

Biblical Literature, The canon of the Prophets

2005-02-24T13:33:00.000-08:00

The Hebrew canon of the section of the Old Testament known as the Nevi'im, or the Prophets, is divided into two sections: the Former Prophets and the Latter Prophets. The Former Prophets contains four historical books—Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings; the Latter Prophets includes four prophetic works—the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve (Minor) Prophets.

Earthnut

2005-02-24T07:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Pignut, or Hognut (Conopodium majus), European plant of the carrot family (Apiaceae), so called because of its edible tubers. It grows in woods and fields in the British Isles and from Norway, France, Spain, and Portugal to Italy and Corsica. The slender, smooth perennial, growing 750 mm to 1 m (30 to 39 inches) high, has much-divided leaves and small, white flowers in compound umbels. The tubers, reaching 25 mm

Sweat Gland

2005-02-23T09:17:00.000-08:00

Either of two types of secretory skin glands occurring only in mammals. The eccrine sweat gland, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, regulates body temperature. When internal temperature rises, the eccrine glands secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is removed by evaporation. If eccrine glands are active over most of the body (as in horses,

Kazankina, Tatyana

2005-02-23T05:34:00.000-08:00

A seemingly fragile individual standing 1.61 metres (5 feet 3 inches) tall and weighing just 48 kg (106 pounds), Kazankina made an international impression with her fortitude and speed during a string of victories

Sensory Reception, Human, Approaches to the study of sensing

2005-02-22T21:30:00.000-08:00

The science of the human senses is truly interdisciplinary. Philosophers, physicians, anatomists, physical scientists, physiologists, psychologists, and others have all joined in studying sensory activities. Some of their earliest work was anatomical, an approach that continues to be fruitful. Physical scientists, particularly physicists and chemists, made

Telephone And Telephone System

2005-02-22T07:46:00.000-08:00

Facsimile, or fax, refers to the transmission of text or fixed images and drawings by wire or radio channels. Fax permits the transmission of a mix of documents—including handwriting, graphs, pictures, and maps—that often cannot be transmitted at all over other communications media. Although the concepts of fax were developed in the 19th century using contemporary

Furniture, Fabrics

2005-02-22T07:15:00.000-08:00

The use of fabrics in furnishing rooms is closely bound up with the need for heating. In the primitively heated rooms of the Middle Ages, textiles were used to keep out cold and drafts. In 12th- and 13th-century churches, painted textile drapery can still be discerned beneath the picture friezes. In rather cold churches, just as in poorly heated homes, loosely hung textile

Algebra, Modern, Structural axioms

2005-02-21T04:07:00.000-08:00

The basic rules, or axioms, for addition and multiplication are shown in the table, and a set that satisfies all 10 of these rules is called a field. A set satisfying only axioms 1–7 is called a ring, and if it also satisfies axiom 9 it is called a ring with unity. A ring satisfying the commutative law of multiplication (axiom 8) is known as a commutative ring. When axioms 1–9 hold and there

Maderna, Bruno

2005-02-20T13:05:00.000-08:00

Maderna studied with well-known teachers, including the Italian composer Gian Francesco Malipiero and the German conductor Hermann Scherchen. In 1941 he received his degree in composition at Rome from the Conservatorio di Musica Santa Cecilia. He expanded

Sacagawea

2005-02-20T10:52:00.000-08:00

Historians have been hard put to separate the facts from the body of folklore that have made this brave

Gabes, Gulf Of

2005-02-20T00:08:00.000-08:00

Arabic Khalij Qabis, French Golfe De Gabès, Latin Syrtis Minor, inlet, on the east coast of Tunisia, northern Africa. It is 60 miles (100 km) long and 60 miles wide and is bounded by the Qarqannah (Kerkena) Islands on the northeast and by Jarbah (Djerba) Island on the southeast. Except for the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Venice, it is the only part of the Mediterranean with a substantial tidal range (about 8 feet [2 1/2 m] at spring tides), causing the uncovering

Zapolska, Gabriela

2005-02-18T01:37:00.000-08:00

Having tried unsuccessfully to pursue an acting career in Paris, Zapolska started writing cheap, sensationalist novels full of bitterness toward middle-class values, morality, and hypocrisy. Of her several novels written

Gauging Station

2005-02-17T21:51:00.000-08:00

Site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of gauge height (water level) or discharge are obtained. From the continuous records obtained at these stations, hydrologists make predictions and decisions concerning water level, flood activity and control, navigation, and the like. Among the measuring devices used are a staff gauge, which

Davies, Peter Maxwell

2005-02-17T21:40:00.000-08:00

Davies studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music (1952–56) and at Manchester University (1952–57) and then in Italy (1957–59) with the composer Goffredo Petrassi. From 1959 to 1962 he taught music at the Cirencester Grammar

Biblical Literature, The modern period

2005-02-17T00:06:00.000-08:00

The modern period is marked by advances in textual criticism and in the study of biblical languages and history, all of which contribute to the interpretation of the Bible. The German theologian J.A. Bengel's (1687–1752) edition of the Greek text of the New Testament with critical apparatus (1734), in which he framed the canon that “the more difficult reading is to be preferred,” was followed

Tractor

2005-02-16T19:14:00.000-08:00

High-power, low-speed traction vehicle and power unit mechanically similar to an automobile or truck but designed for use off the road. The two main types are wheeled, which is the earliest form, and continuous track. Tractors are used in agriculture, construction, road building, etc., in the form of bulldozers, scrapers, and diggers. A notable feature of tractors in many

Gandhi, Rajiv

2005-02-16T08:38:00.000-08:00

Rajiv and his younger brother Sanjay (1946–80), the sons of Feroze and Indira Gandhi, were educated at the prestigious Doon School in Dehradun. Rajiv then

Biblical Literature, The role of the judges

2005-02-16T00:54:00.000-08:00

Under these conditions, the successors to Joshua—the judges—arose. The Hebrew term shofet, which is translated into English as “judge,” is closer in meaning to “ruler,” a kind of military leader or deliverer from potential or actual defeat. In a passage from the so-called Ras Shamra tablets (discovered in 1929), the concept of the judge as a ruler is well illustrated:Our king is Triumphant

Alabama, European rivalry, settlement, and growth

2005-02-15T23:59:00.000-08:00

The first known European explorers were of Spanish descent and arrived at Mobile Bay in 1519. The main thrust of exploration came in 1540, when Hernando de Soto and his army of about 500 men entered the interior from the valley of the Tennessee River to search for gold. His expedition, which extensively crisscrossed the area, was important because of his discovery of the Mississippi

Sørensen, Rasmus Møller

2005-02-14T17:55:00.000-08:00

In the 1820s and 1830s Sørensen, serving as tutor on the estates of several progressive landowners, developed his ideas of peasant reform. He championed the opening of folk high schools for practical

Rhynchotreta

2005-02-13T11:10:00.000-08:00

Extinct genus of brachiopods (lamp shells) commonly found as fossils in Silurian marine rocks (between 438 and 408 million years old). Its small, roughly triangular shell is prominently ornamented by distinct ridges that run lengthwise to the shell margin. Because of its limited time range, Rhynchotreta is a good guide, or index, fossil for Silurian rocks and time.

'abd Allah, Khawr

2005-02-13T10:14:00.000-08:00

Estuary (khawr) separating Kuwait and Iraq, probably a drowned river mouth of the Shatt (stream) al-Arab, whose mouth is now farther north and forms the southeastern part of the border between Iraq and Iran. It extends into Iraqi territory in the form of the Khawr az-Zubayr, on which the Iraqi port of Umm Qasr is located and which is linked by canal northwestward to the

Gabon

2005-02-12T22:59:00.000-08:00

Roland Pourtier, Le Gabon, 2 vol. (1989), provides an introduction. Institut Pédagogique National (Gabon), Géographie et cartographie du Gabon (1983), is an illustrated atlas. Two studies of the Mpongwe are Henry Bucher, “The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Gabon Estuary: The Mpongwe to 1860,” in Paul E. Lovejoy (ed.), Africans in Bondage (1986), pp. 137–154, and “The Village of Glass and Western Intrusion: An Mpongwe Response to the American and French Presence in the Gabon Estuary: 1842–1845,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 6(3):363–400 (1973). James W. Fernandez, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa (1982), examines the most important syncretic cult. Pierre-Claver Maganga-Moussavou, Economic Development—Does Aid Help? (1983; originally published in French, 1982), critiques French economic involvement in independent Gabon. Marc Aicardi de Saint-Paul, Gabon: The Development of a Nation (1989; originally published in French, 1987), discusses economic policies and conditions.

Ka'bah

2005-02-12T07:49:00.000-08:00

The cube-shaped

Nahavand, Battle Of

2005-02-11T10:24:00.000-08:00

At Nahavand some 30,000 Arab troops, under the command of Nu'man, attacked a Sasanian army alleged to number 150,000 men. The Sasanian troops, commanded

Mukhtar Ibn Abu 'ubayd At-thaqafl, Al-

2005-02-11T04:21:00.000-08:00

In his call for revolt, Mukhtar appealed to the pro-Shi'ite sentiments of Iraq's Arab tribesmen. He also rallied the mawali, non-Arab (mainly

Salandra, Antonio

2005-02-10T13:56:00.000-08:00

Salandra was educated in law and taught public administration at the University of Rome before entering politics. A member of a wealthy family and a conservative, he rose to become minister of agriculture in 1899 and finance minister in 1906 and again

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich

2005-02-10T05:27:00.000-08:00

Original name Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917–24) of the Soviet state. He was the founder of the organization known as Comintern (Communist International) and the posthumous source of “Leninism,

ChiefHorse

Eisenhüttenstadt

Rouget De Lisle, Claude-joseph

Kamehameha Ii

Cermak, Anton J.

Kamanja

Mar-pa

Tibaldi, Pellegrino

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368

Adab

Itagaki Taisuke, Count

Wichita Orogeny

Adab

Sanibel Island

General Will

Lima, Pre-Columbian and colonial periods

Wichita Orogeny

Activation Energy

Widener, Peter A.b.

Prodromus, Theodore

Alushta

Nicetas Stethatos

Switzerland

Guadalquivir River

Bukhara

God And Saints Of Christ, Church Of

Xenophanes

Kadiri

Ectopic Pregnancy

'abd Al-malik

Eiselsberg, Anton, Freiherr Von

K.c.b.

Scandinavian Literature

France, History Of, The Paris Commune

Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico

Xenakis, Iannis

Alaska, The economy

Fajardo

David, Eduard Heinrich (rudolph)

Marr, Nikolay Yakovlevich

Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich

Fellini, Federico

Colette

Kidinnu

Hancock

Taraki, Nur Mohammad

Puerto Ayacucho

Manchuria

Sevilla, University Of

Smith Sound

Wolfe, Charles

Spitz, Mark

Foreclosure

Ariosto, Ludovico

Johannes Von Tepl

Tigray

Armco Inc.

Osaka

Maddalena Pass

Calendar Of 2003

Macdonald, Jacques, Duc De Tarente

Scandinavian Literature

Ramananda

Schaffner, Franklin (james)

Theligonales

Dacko, David

'amir, 'abd Al-hakim

Arinnitti

Aesthetics

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Switzerland, Leisure

Bull Moose Party

Dagobert Iii

Biblical Literature, The canon of the Prophets

Earthnut

Sweat Gland

Kazankina, Tatyana

Sensory Reception, Human, Approaches to the study of sensing

Telephone And Telephone System

Furniture, Fabrics

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368